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| Emperor of the Great Ming | |
|---|---|
| 大明皇帝 | |
Imperial | |
 Portrait of the Jiajing Emperor (r. 1521–1567) wearing a robe adorned with twelve dragons. The sun and moon drawn on the shoulders form the character ming ("bright"), the name of the dynasty.[1] National Palace Museum, Taipei. | |
| Details | |
| Style | Your Majesty, His Majesty the Emperor |
| First monarch | |
| Last monarch |
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| Formation |
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| Abolition |
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| Residence |
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| Appointer | Hereditary |
The Ming dynasty (1368–1644) was an imperial dynasty of China that succeeded the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty and preceded the Manchu-led Qing dynasty. Sixteen emperors of the Ming dynasty, who were all members of the House of Zhu, ruled over the whole of China proper spanning 276 years. During their reign, China experienced a long period of economic growth and political stability.[2]
Below is a complete list of the emperors of the Ming dynasty, including their personal, temple, posthumous, and era names. The longest-reigning emperor of the dynasty was the Wanli Emperor, who ruled for 48 years (r. 1572–1620); the shortest was his successor, the Taichang Emperor, who ruled for only 29 days in 1620. The youngest ruler at the time of his ascension was Emperor Yingzong, who was only 9 years old, while the oldest ruler at the time of his death was the Hongwu Emperor, who died at the age of 71.[3]
The emperor of the Ming dynasty, as well as the emperors during the imperial era of China (221 BC–1912), was known as the "Son of Heaven".[4] He was seen as the intermediary between humans and heaven and was responsible for conducting numerous rituals to honor the supreme deities who safeguarded the empire, including the heavens, the earth, and the imperial ancestors. Additionally, he participated in various ceremonies to commemorate significant events in both his own life and that of the empire, such as the promotion of an heir, a concubine, the granting of fiefs, the reception of envoys, and the metropolitan examinations. During his daily audiences, his subjects were expected to demonstrate their submission by prostrating themselves before him. However, in reality, the majority of decisions were made by the Grand Secretariat and the ministries. When he traveled, he was accompanied by an impressive entourage and protected by his imperial guard.[5]
The Ming emperors resided in the Forbidden City, a 72-hectare complex of palaces and buildings in Beijing. Prior to 1420, the emperors' residence was located in a similar complex in Nanjing.[6]
- ^ Brook (2010), p. 12.
- ^ Fan (2016), p. 97.
- ^ Twitchett & Mote (1998), p. 16.
- ^ Paludan (1998), pp. 6–7.
- ^ Baud-Berthier (2003), pp. 84–85.
- ^ "Forbidden City | History, Facts, & Map". Britannica.
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